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In arithmetic geometry, the Tate–Shafarevich group Ш(A/K) of an abelian variety A (or more generally a group scheme) defined over a number field K consists of the elements of the Weil–Châtelet group (/) = (,), where = (/) is the absolute Galois group of K, that become trivial in all of the completions of K (i.e., the real and complex completions as well as the p-adic fields obtained from ...
Galois' theory provides a much more complete answer to this question, by explaining why it is possible to solve some equations, including all those of degree four or lower, in the above manner, and why it is not possible for most equations of degree five or higher.
The first problem was to know how well a real number can be approximated by rational numbers. For this problem, a rational number p/q is a "good" approximation of a real number α if the absolute value of the difference between p/q and α may not decrease if p/q is replaced by another
If the rational root test finds no rational solutions, then the only way to express the solutions algebraically uses cube roots. But if the test finds a rational solution r, then factoring out (x – r) leaves a quadratic polynomial whose two roots, found with the quadratic formula, are the remaining two roots of the cubic, avoiding cube roots.
"New high-order Runge-Kutta formulas with step size control for systems of first and second-order differential equations". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik . 44 (S1): T17 – T29 .
Arithmetic dynamics is the study of the number-theoretic properties of integer, rational, p-adic, or algebraic points under repeated application of a polynomial or rational function. A fundamental goal is to describe arithmetic properties in terms of underlying geometric structures.
Finding the roots (zeros) of a given polynomial has been a prominent mathematical problem.. Solving linear, quadratic, cubic and quartic equations in terms of radicals and elementary arithmetic operations on the coefficients can always be done, no matter whether the roots are rational or irrational, real or complex; there are formulas that yield the required solutions.
The equations of conservation of mass and conservation of momentum applied to an inviscid fluid flow, such as a potential flow, around a solid body result in an infinite number of valid solutions. One way to choose the correct solution would be to apply the viscous equations, in the form of the Navier–Stokes equations. However, these normally ...
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