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The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one coulomb-volt (C⋅V). This relationship can be used to define the volt. The work required to produce one watt of power for one second, or one watt-second (W⋅s) (compare kilowatt-hour, which is 3.6 megajoules). This ...
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by , [1] is a fundamental physical constant [1] of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
J: Transferred momentum newton-second (N⋅s = kg⋅m/s) L M T −1: vector Jerk: j →: Change of acceleration per unit time: the third time derivative of position m/s 3: L T −3: vector Jounce (or snap) s →: Change of jerk per unit time: the fourth time derivative of position m/s 4: L T −4: vector Magnetic field strength: H: Strength of ...
Moreover, the choice of what factors to normalize, among the factors appearing in the fundamental equations of physics, is not evident, and the values of the Planck units are sensitive to this choice. The factor 4 π is ubiquitous in theoretical physics because in three-dimensional space, the surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4 π r 2.
Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule [1] and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
where r is the distance between the point charges q and Q, and q and Q are the charges (not the absolute values of the charges—i.e., an electron would have a negative value of charge when placed in the formula).
This reflects a splitting of the total electric charge Q and current I (and their densities ρ and J) into free and bound parts: = + = (+) =, = + = (+) =. The cost of this splitting is that the additional fields D and H need to be determined through phenomenological constituent equations relating these fields to the electric field E and the ...