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  2. Real image - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image

    Examples of real images include the image produced on a detector in the rear of a camera, and the image produced on an eyeball retina (the camera and eye focus light through an internal convex lens). In ray diagrams (such as the images on the right), real rays of light are always represented by full, solid lines; perceived or extrapolated rays ...

  3. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

    A ray tracing diagram for a simple converging lens. A device which produces converging or diverging light rays due to refraction is known as a lens. Thin lenses produce focal points on either side that can be modeled using the lensmaker's equation. [5]

  4. Ray transfer matrix analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis

    Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2 × 2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a vector describing an incoming light ray to calculate the outgoing ray. Multiplication of the successive matrices thus yields a concise ray transfer matrix describing the entire optical system.

  5. Lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens

    For a thin lens in air, the distance from the lens to the spot is the focal length of the lens, which is commonly represented by f in diagrams and equations. An extended hemispherical lens is a special type of plano-convex lens, in which the lens's curved surface is a full hemisphere and the lens is much thicker than the radius of curvature.

  6. Virtual image - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_image

    Top: The formation of a virtual image using a diverging lens. Bottom: The formation of a virtual image using a convex mirror. In both diagrams, f is the focal point, O is the object, and I is the virtual image, shown in grey. Solid blue lines indicate (real) light rays and dashed blue lines indicate backward extension of the real rays.

  7. Cardinal point (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_point_(optics)

    A diagram showing the optical center of a spherical lens. N and N' are the lens nodal points. The optical center of a spherical lens is a point such that If a ray passes through it, then its lens-exiting angle with respect to the optical axis is not deviated from the lens-entering angle.

  8. Focal length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length

    The lens is moved until a sharp image is formed on the screen. In this case ⁠ 1 / u ⁠ is negligible, and the focal length is then given by . Determining the focal length of a concave lens is somewhat more difficult. The focal length of such a lens is defined as the point at which the spreading beams of light meet when they are extended ...

  9. Spherical aberration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration

    In lens systems, aberrations can be minimized using combinations of convex and concave lenses, or by using aspheric lenses or aplanatic lenses. Lens systems with aberration correction are usually designed by numerical ray tracing. For simple designs, one can sometimes analytically calculate parameters that minimize spherical aberration.