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Social identity is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. [1] [2]As originally formulated by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and the 1980s, [3] social identity theory introduced the concept of a social identity as a way in which to explain intergroup behaviour.
"Social identity approach" is an umbrella term designed to show that there are two methods used by academics to describe certain complex social phenomena- namely the dynamics between groups and individuals. Those two theoretical methods are called social identity theory and self-categorization theory.
Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory, it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others. [27] [32]
His social identity model (SIM, 1982, 1984, 1987) of crowd behaviour suggests that people are able to act as one in crowd events not because of 'contagion' or social facilitation but because they share a common social identity. This common identity specifies what counts as normative conduct.
Social identity theory describes how individual identity is shaped by membership in a social group. [37] It also predicts differences in intergroup behavior based on perceived status differences between social groups, the legitimacy and stability of those perceived status differences, and ability to move between social groups. [38] [39]
Social identity theory, for instance, points out that one's sense of self is made up of personal identity and multiple social identities, all of which combine to shape one's personality. Social identities are likely to become the basis for self-definition when that social identity is salient, such as when making comparisons between "them" and "us".
The psychology of self and identity is a subfield of Psychology that moves psychological research “deeper inside the conscious mind of the person and further out into the person’s social world.” [1] The exploration of self and identity subsequently enables the influence of both inner phenomenal experiences and the outer world in relation to the individual to be further investigated.
Social identity theory posits that belonging to social groups (e.g. religious groups or occupational groups) serves an important basis for one's identity. [8] Membership in a group(s), as well as one's value and emotional significance attached to this membership, is an important part of one's self-concept.