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In peer-dominated contexts, functional diversity may lead to marginalization and exclusion. [50] [51] Socially excluded children may have unsatisfying peer relationships, low self-esteem, and lack of achievement motivation, which affect their social and academic aspects of life, mental health, and general well-being.
Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests and experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs, values, religion and behavior.
Peer support occurs when people provide knowledge, experience, emotional, social or practical help to each other. [1] It commonly refers to an initiative consisting of trained supporters (although it can be provided by peers without training), and can take a number of forms such as peer mentoring, reflective listening (reflecting content and/or feelings), or counseling.
The importance of peer relations in an adolescent's normal psychosocial development has been well-researched. The impact of peers is hardly surprising, given that high school students spend the majority of their days with peers rather than with adults, both during and outside of class. [1]
These approaches define social competence based on how popular one is with his peers. [7] The more well-liked one is, the more socially competent they are. [8]Peer group entry, conflict resolution, and maintaining play, are three comprehensive interpersonal goals that are relevant with regard to the assessment and intervention of peer competence.
This relationships is better predicted by self-esteem than the actual quality of the relationships, although also directly related to discordance in personal and peer ratings of status. [ 8 ] [ 21 ] This effect likely arises cyclically: troubled children are rejected by their peers for their undesirable behavior, while rejected children receive ...
Many studies have found that an individual without close peer relationships are at a higher risk for emotional adjustment problems currently and later in life. [ 49 ] While people may experience better emotional in cohesive groups, they may also face many demands on their emotions, such as those that result from scapegoating and hostility.
These comparisons play an important role in shaping the child's self-esteem and influence the positive or negative feelings they have about themselves. [44] [45] As children go through adolescence, peer influence becomes much more important. Adolescents make appraisals of themselves based on their relationships with close friends. [46]