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Napoleon placed the crown on his head himself, spurning the pope's intent to do so. The painting by Jacques-Louise David titled The Coronation of Napoleon depicts the seated pope at the ceremony as Napoleon crowns his wife. Although the pope and the papacy were promised rich gifts and donations, Pius initially refused most of these offers.
To Kidnap a Pope: Napoleon and Pius VII. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300251333; Hales, E. E. Y. "Napoleon's duel with the Pope" History Today (May 1958) 8#5 pp 328–33. Hales, E. E. Y. The Emperor and the Pope: The Story of Napoleon and Pius VII (1961) online Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
The pope entered Notre Dame first, to the anthem Tu es Petrus, and took his seat on a throne near the high altar. [7] Napoleon and Josephine’s carriage was drawn by eight bay horses and escorted by Mounted Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard and Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard . [ 10 ] (
Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial). This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.
1801–1802 – With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restores the use of the cathedral (though not ownership) to the Catholic Church. 1804 – On 2 December, Napoleon crowns himself Emperor at Notre-Dame. 1805 – The cathedral is granted the honour of minor basilica by Pope Pius VII, making it the first minor basilica outside of Italy. [16]
Napoleon Bonaparte [b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; [1] [c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
The Pope set out from Rome on 27 February 1782 and, [6] though magnificently received by the Emperor, his mission proved a failure. Nevertheless, not many years later he did succeed in curbing the attempts of several German archbishops at the Congress of Ems in 1786 to win greater independence. [7]
Maria Letizia Ramolino (1750–1836), mother of Napoleon, was placed in the stands by the painter. She occupies a place more important than the pope. Actually, she did not attend the ceremony to protest the friction of Napoleon with his brothers Lucien and Joseph. Maria Letizia asked the painter to give Lucien a place of honour. In 1808, when ...