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Napoleon placed the crown on his head himself, spurning the pope's intent to do so. The painting by Jacques-Louise David titled The Coronation of Napoleon depicts the seated pope at the ceremony as Napoleon crowns his wife. Although the pope and the papacy were promised rich gifts and donations, Pius initially refused most of these offers.
In 1798, [2] during the French Revolutionary Wars, French troops under Louis-Alexandre Berthier invaded Rome and captured Pope Pius VI, taking him as a prisoner to France, where he died in 1799. The following year, after a sede vacante period lasting approximately six months, Chiaramonti was elected to the papacy, taking the name Pius VII.
The pope entered Notre Dame first, to the anthem Tu es Petrus, and took his seat on a throne near the high altar. [7] Napoleon and Josephine’s carriage was drawn by eight bay horses and escorted by Mounted Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard and Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard . [ 10 ] (
Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial). This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.
1801–1802 – With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restores the use of the cathedral (though not ownership) to the Catholic Church. 1804 – On 2 December, Napoleon crowns himself Emperor at Notre-Dame. 1805 – The cathedral is granted the honour of minor basilica by Pope Pius VII, making it the first minor basilica outside of Italy. [16]
In 1167, Frederick's forces captured and pillaged Rome. [13] However, with the army decimated by plague, he was forced to withdraw. At Legnano in 1176, he was defeated by the Italian cities. In 1177, he traveled to Venice, where he publicly submitted to the Pope and renounced his involvement in the papal elections.
Sketch by David of Napoleon crowning himself. The composition is organized around several axes, and incorporates the rules of neoclassicism. One axis is that which passes through the cross and has a vertical orientation. A diagonal line runs from the pope to the empress. All eyes are turned towards Napoleon, who is the center of the composition.
Napoleon Bonaparte abolished the pope's temporal power in 1809, incorporating Rome and Latium into his First French Empire. Pope Pius VII himself was even taken prisoner by Napoleon. However, the pope's temporal power was restored by the Great powers at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1815 Congress of Vienna.