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Oil shale formation takes place in a number of depositional settings and has considerable compositional variation. Oil shales can be classified by their composition (carbonate minerals such as calcite or detrital minerals such as quartz and clays) or by their depositional environment (large lakes, shallow marine, and lagoon/small lake settings).
The largest deposits are found in the remains of large lakes such as the deposits of the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Utah, USA. Large lake oil shale basins are typically found in areas of block faulting or crustal warping due to mountain building. Deposits such as the Green River may be as much as 2,000 feet (610 m) and yield up to 40 ...
The species epithet of the "Eisleben Shale Fish", or "Kupferschiefer Herring" refers to Johann Karl Freiesleben, the Berghauptmann (mining inspection director) of Saxony. [41] Other fish found in the Kupferschiefer include Coelacanthus granulatus , Hopleacanthus richelsdorfensis , Acentrophorus glaphyurus , Menaspis armata , Muensterichthys ...
Larger map shows the locations of Messel primates 1–7 (Table 1) within the Messel oil shale excavation. The current surface of the Messel pit is roughly 60 m (200 ft) below the local land and is about 0.7 km 2 (0.27 sq mi) in area. The oil-shale bed originally extended to a depth of 190 m (620 ft).
A 1984 study estimated the EROI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3, [75] although known oil-shale extraction development projects assert an EROI between 3 and 10. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROI of ex-situ processing is typically 4 to 5 while of in-situ processing it may be even as low as 2.
The geology of the Baltic Sea is characterized by having areas located both at the Baltic Shield of the East European Craton and in the Danish-North German-Polish Caledonides. Historical geologists make a distinction between the current Baltic Sea depression, formed in the Cenozoic era , and the much older sedimentary basins whose sediments are ...
Shale gas is an unconventional natural gas produced from shale, a type of sedimentary rock.Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States over the past decade, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in Canada, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
Layers of siltstone, shale and sandstone can be seen in the Cliffs of Moher, near Doolin in Munster. The large central lowland is of limestone covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, with widespread bogs and lakes. The Bog of Allen is one of the largest bogs. [20] The coastal mountains vary greatly in geological structure.