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The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. [1] The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.
Mural cells were described for the first time in the late 19th century as contractile cells lining up around the endothelium. In reality, it was a variety of cells that had been observed and bundled up under the common name of Rouget cells. Later studies brought controversy about their contractility, and this remains an elusive point today. [4]
A lineage relationship to other cell types has been proposed, including smooth muscle cells, [18] neural cells, [18] NG2 glia, [19] muscle fibers, adipocytes, as well as fibroblasts [20] and other mesenchymal stem cells. However, whether these cells differentiate into each other is an outstanding question in the field.
The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [13] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...
Instead, the endothelial cells fit tightly together to create a tight junction which prevents substances from passing out of the bloodstream. Specialized glial cells called astrocytes form a tight junction or protective barrier around brain blood vessels and may be important in the development of the BBB.
The cells of the neurovascular unit also make up the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which plays an important role in maintaining the microenvironment of the brain. [11] In addition to regulating the exit and entrance of blood, the blood–brain barrier also filters toxins that may cause inflammation, injury, and disease. [12]
Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) Podocyte; Angioblast → Endothelial cell; Mesangial cell. Intraglomerular; Extraglomerular; Juxtaglomerular cell; Macula densa cell; Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes; Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell; Kidney distal tubule cell; Connecting tubule cells; α-intercalated cell; β-intercalated ...
By comparison, the mononuclear cells in muscles are much smaller. Some of the mononuclear cells in muscles [15] are endothelial cells (which are about 50–70 μm long, 10–30 μm wide and 0.1–10 μm thick), [16] macrophages (21 μm in diameter) and neutrophils (12-15 μm in diameter). [17]