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Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return. The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate , inflation , the cost of capital , or financial risk .
The easiest way to calculate the net present value of an investment is using an online NPV calculator. You can also make these calculations in Excel. You can also make these calculations in Excel.
The modified internal rate of return (MIRR) is a financial measure of an investment's attractiveness. [31] [32] It is used in capital budgeting to rank alternative investments of unequal size. As the name implies, MIRR is a modification of the internal rate of return (IRR) and as such aims to resolve some problems with the IRR.
In 2002, Pakistan International Bank was renamed United National Bank Limited (UNB), maintaining the same ownership structure. Following its privatisation in Pakistan, UNB was owned 49% by the government of Pakistan and 51% by a joint foreign consortium from Abu Dhabi. During this period, NBP underwent partial privatisation and the government ...
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The risk-adjusted rate of return applies a risk-penalty by increasing the discount rate when calculating the Net Present Value (NPV); The certainty equivalent approach does this by adjusting the cash-flow numerators of the NPV formula.
In December 2001, the Government of Pakistan introduced Pakistan Investment Bonds (PIBs), replacing Federal Investment Bonds, with maturities of three, five, and ten years. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The primary purpose of these scripless bonds was to establish a long-term yield curve to assist corporate entities in pricing their debt instruments. [ 5 ]
The Bank of Punjab (Urdu pronunciation: [bɛŋk əv pən.ˈdʒaːb] bank-of-puhn-JAHB) is a Pakistani government-owned bank which is based in Lahore, Punjab. It is owned by the Government of Punjab, Pakistan .