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The majority of government departments and organizations adhere to the BPS System. Examples of other pay systems in Pakistan include the Special Pay Scale (SPS) and army scales, while private organizations, companies, and industries are free to devise their own pay structures, subject to the government setting a minimum salary for private ...
A positive net present value indicates that the projected earnings generated by a project or investment (in present dollars) exceeds the anticipated costs (also in present dollars). This concept is the basis for the Net Present Value Rule, which dictates that the only investments that should be made are those with positive NPVs.
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return.The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk.
Taxation in Pakistan has evolved since the country’s independence in 1947, largely based on the British colonial tax system. Initially, Pakistan inherited the tax structures and administrative mechanisms of British rule, which included a comprehensive framework for indirect taxation. Over the years, however, Pakistan has modified and adapted ...
Established as the Central Board of Revenue on 1 April 1924 through enactment of the "Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924".In 1944, the CBR was put under the Revenue Division with the Ministry of Finance until 1960, when on the recommendations of the "Administrative Reorganization Committee", the CBR was made into a division of the Ministry of Finance.
The risk-adjusted rate of return applies a risk-penalty by increasing the discount rate when calculating the Net Present Value (NPV); The certainty equivalent approach does this by adjusting the cash-flow numerators of the NPV formula.
In this case, the answer is 25.48% (with this conventional pattern of cash flows, the project has a unique IRR). To calculate the MIRR, we will assume a finance rate of 10% and a reinvestment rate of 12%. First, we calculate the present value of the negative cash flows (discounted at the finance rate):
The IRS has been a prominent subject of deliberations between Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF has put forth several tax reform recommendations to the Pakistani government. These recommendations encompassed the removal of sales tax exemptions on fertilizers, pesticides, and tractors, the maintenance of general sales ...