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Osmium (from Ancient Greek ὀσμή (osmḗ) 'smell') is a chemical element; it has symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element.
Chpt 8 & 19 [2]: Chpt 7 & 8 Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets). [3] A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride. [4]
The properties of steel depend on its microstructure: the arrangement of different phases, some harder, some with greater ductility. At the atomic level, the four phases of auto steel include martensite (the hardest yet most brittle), bainite (less hard), ferrite (more ductile), and austenite (the most ductile). The phases are arranged by ...
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five classes of stainless steel by crystalline structure (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened [1]). Its primary crystalline structure is austenite ( face-centered cubic ) and it prevents steels from being hardenable by heat treatment and makes them essentially non-magnetic ...
Stainless steel, also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES), and rustless steel, is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. It contains iron with chromium and other elements such as molybdenum , carbon , nickel and nitrogen depending on its specific use and cost.
Osmium(I) iodide is a metallic grey solid produced by the reaction of osmium tetroxide and hydroiodic acid heated in a water bath for 48 hours in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. It is an amorphous compound. [34] Osmium(II) iodide is a black solid [35] produced by the reaction of osmium tetroxide and hydroiodic acid at 250 °C in nitrogen: [34]
Duplex stainless steel is widely used in industry because it possesses excellent oxidation resistance, but it can have limited toughness due to its large ferritic grain size and embrittlement tendencies at temperatures ranging from 280 to 500 °C, especially at 475 °C, where spinodal decomposition of the supersaturated solid ferrite solution ...
The steel is then tempered, which is just a specialized type of annealing, to reduce brittleness. In this application the annealing (tempering) process transforms some of the martensite into cementite, or spheroidite and hence it reduces the internal stresses and defects. The result is a more ductile and fracture-resistant steel. [15]