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  2. Electron microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope

    An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. They use electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing them to produce magnified images or electron diffraction patterns.

  3. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

  4. Scherzer's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherzer's_theorem

    Scherzer's theorem is a theorem in the field of electron microscopy. It states that there is a limit of resolution for electronic lenses because of unavoidable aberrations. German physicist Otto Scherzer found in 1936 [1] that the electromagnetic lenses, which are used in electron microscopes to focus the electron beam, entail unavoidable ...

  5. Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration-Corrected...

    Scherzer's theorem is a theorem in the field of electron microscopy. It states that there is a limit of resolution for electronic lenses because of unavoidable aberrations. German physicist Otto Scherzer found in 1936 [1] that the electromagnetic lenses, which are used in electron microscopes to focus the electron beam, entail unavoidable ...

  6. Diffraction-limited system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system

    For example, an electron at an energy of 10 keV has a wavelength of 0.01 nm, allowing the electron microscope (SEM or TEM) to achieve high resolution images. Other massive particles such as helium, neon, and gallium ions have been used to produce images at resolutions beyond what can be attained with visible light.

  7. Numerical aperture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_aperture

    In microscopy, NA generally refers to object-space numerical aperture unless otherwise noted. In microscopy, NA is important because it indicates the resolving power of a lens. The size of the finest detail that can be resolved (the resolution) is proportional to ⁠ λ / 2NA ⁠, where λ is the wavelength of the light. A lens with a larger ...

  8. Oil immersion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_immersion

    In light microscopy, oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil of high refractive index, thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens.

  9. Transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron...

    The duplicate of an early TEM on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany A transmission electron microscope (1976). In 1873, Ernst Abbe proposed that the ability to resolve detail in an object was limited approximately by the wavelength of the light used in imaging or a few hundred nanometres for visible light microscopes.

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