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Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
In the early stages of the disease, this can result in mild symptoms such as reduced appetite or feelings of fatigue, but as CKD progresses, "complications like high blood pressure, heart disease ...
The most devastating systemic effects can occur when the crushing pressure is suddenly released, without proper preparation of the patient, causing reperfusion syndrome. In addition to tissue directly suffering the crush mechanism, tissue is then subjected to sudden reoxygenation in the limbs and extremities.
Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When the kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called azotemia. Very low levels of azotemia may produce few, if any, symptoms.
Because the kidney is responsible for making urine, analyzing the urine directly can provide crucial data that can help the physician diagnose nephritic syndrome. [33] Some findings on urinalysis that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include red blood cells ( hematuria ), red blood cell casts , proteinuria , and possibly white blood cells ...
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys.Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury (ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [1]
AKI can be caused by systemic disease (such as a manifestation of an autoimmune disease, e.g., lupus nephritis), crush injury, contrast agents, some antibiotics, and more. AKI often occurs due to multiple processes. [10]: 31-32 The causes of acute kidney injury are commonly categorized into prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.
Kidney disease usually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option.