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De Officiis (On Duties, On Obligations, or On Moral Responsibilities) is a 44 BC treatise by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds his conception of the best way to live, behave, and observe moral obligations.
Political authority grants members of a government the right to rule over citizens using coercion if necessary (i.e., political legitimacy), while imposing an obligation for the citizens to obey government orders (i.e., political obligation). [2] A central question in political philosophy is "To what extent is political authority legitimate?"
The notion of free will has become an important issue in the debate on whether individuals are ever morally responsible for their actions and, if so, in what sense. Incompatibilists regard determinism as at odds with free will, whereas compatibilists think the two can coexist. Moral responsibility does not necessarily equate to legal ...
Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. [1] The field of ethics, along with aesthetics , concern matters of value , and thus comprise the branch of philosophy called axiology .
Political obligation refers to a moral requirement to obey national laws. [1] Its origins are unclear, however it traces to the Ancient Greeks . The idea of political obligation is philosophical, focusing on the morality of laws, rather than justice.
A "secondary obligation" is a duty which arises in law as a consequence of another, primary, obligation. [11] A person may themselves incur an obligation to perform a secondary obligation, for example, as a result of them breaching their primary obligation, or by another party breaching an obligation which the secondary obligor has guaranteed.
Obligationes or disputations de obligationibus were a medieval disputation format common in the 13th and 14th centuries. [1] Despite the name, they had nothing to do with ethics or morals but rather dealt with logical formalisms; [2] the name comes from the fact that the participants were "obliged" to follow the rules. [3]
Kant believed this principle was a categorical freedom, bound only by the free will as opposed to the Humean hypothetical freedom ("Free to do otherwise if I had so chosen"). [4] There are several ways of deriving the formula—for example, the argument that it is wrong to blame people for things that they cannot control (essentially phrasing ...