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Lattice models in biophysics represent a class of statistical-mechanical models which consider a biological macromacromolecule (such as DNA, protein, actin, etc.) as a lattice of units, each unit being in different states or conformations.
In quantum field theory, the theory of a free (or non-interacting) scalar field is a useful and simple example which serves to illustrate the concepts needed for more complicated theories. It describes spin-zero particles. There are a number of possible propagators for free scalar field theory. We now describe the most common ones.
semiclassical gravity: quantum field theory within a classical curved gravitational background (see general relativity). quantum chaos ; quantization of classical chaotic systems. magnetic properties of materials and astrophysical bodies under the effect of large magnetic fields (see for example De Haas–Van Alphen effect )
Lattice shape is an important factor in the accuracy of lattice protein models. Changing lattice shape can dramatically alter the shape of the energetically favorable conformations. [ 2 ] It can also add unrealistic constraints to the protein structure such as in the case of the parity problem where in square and cubic lattices residues of the ...
In physics, lattice field theory is the study of lattice models of quantum field theory. This involves studying field theory on a space or spacetime that has been discretised onto a lattice . Details
The propagator typically has singularities on the mass shell. [ 5 ] When speaking of the propagator, negative values for E {\displaystyle E} that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle.
Here we discuss the behavior when such models are simulated on a lattice. Lattice models, which were first explored in the context of cellular automata , act as good first approximations of more complex spatial configurations, although they do not reflect the heterogeneity of space (e.g. population density differences, urban geography and ...
Physical lattice models frequently occur as an approximation to a continuum theory, either to give an ultraviolet cutoff to the theory to prevent divergences or to perform numerical computations. An example of a continuum theory that is widely studied by lattice models is the QCD lattice model, a discretization of quantum chromodynamics.