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In aviation, atmospheric sciences and broadcasting, a height above ground level (AGL [1] or HAGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface.This is as opposed to height above mean sea level (AMSL or HAMSL), height above ellipsoid (HAE, as reported by a GPS receiver), or height above average terrain (AAT or HAAT, in broadcast engineering).
TAF indicates that the following is a terminal aerodrome forecast. This line may also indicate an amended forecast (TAF AMD) or a corrected forecast (TAF COR) [3] KXYZ indicates the airport to which the forecast applies (ICAO airport code). 051730Z indicates that the report was issued on the 5th of the month at 1730 UTC (also known as Zulu ...
The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits. In SI units, its value is approximately 6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2. [93] The modern notation of Newton's law involving G was introduced in the 1890s by C. V. Boys.
For instance, in Australia, VMC minima outside controlled airspace are clear of cloud with 5,000 m visibility below 3,000 ft AMSL or 1,000 ft AGL (whichever is higher), and 1,000 ft vertical/1,500 m horizontal separation from cloud above these altitudes or in controlled airspace. Above 10,000 ft, 8,000 m visibility is required to maintain VMC.
The main difference between climate and everyday weather is best summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." [ 37 ] Over historic time spans there are a number of static variables that determine climate, including: latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains.
The Taft equation is a linear free energy relationship (LFER) used in physical organic chemistry in the study of reaction mechanisms and in the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships for organic compounds. It was developed by Robert W. Taft in 1952 [2] [3] [4] as a modification to the Hammett equation. [5]
In Great Britain, OD for the Ordnance Survey is Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN), defined as the MSL as recorded by the Newlyn Tidal Observatory between 1915 and 1921. [1]Prior to 1921, OD was Ordnance Datum Liverpool (ODL) defined as MSL as recorded in the Victoria Dock, Liverpool, during a short period in 1844.
In the presence of fluoride, tantalum pentafluoride forms the anions [TaF 8] 3−, [TaF 7] 2−, or [TaF 6] −, depending on the nature of the counterion and the concentration of HF. High concentrations of HF favor the hexafluoride by virtue of the formation of HF − 2: [5] [TaF 7] 2− + HF ⇌ [TaF 6] − + HF − 2. The salts M 3 TaF 8 ...