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PCB warning label on a power transformer known to contain PCBs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organochlorine compounds with the formula C 12 H 10−x Cl x; they were once widely used in the manufacture of carbonless copy paper, as heat transfer fluids, and as dielectric and coolant fluids for electrical equipment. [2]
The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field.
Another common term encountered for both absolute and relative permittivity is the dielectric constant which has been deprecated in physics and engineering [3] as well as in chemistry. [ 4 ] By definition, a perfect vacuum has a relative permittivity of exactly 1 whereas at standard temperature and pressure , air has a relative permittivity of ...
A dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) is an electronic component that exhibits resonance of the polarisation response for a narrow range of frequencies, generally in the microwave band. It consists of a "puck" of ceramic that has a large dielectric constant and a low dissipation factor. Such resonators are often used to provide a frequency ...
In electromagnetism, the Clausius–Mossotti relation, named for O. F. Mossotti and Rudolf Clausius, expresses the dielectric constant (relative permittivity, ε r) of a material in terms of the atomic polarizability, α, of the material's constituent atoms and/or molecules, or a homogeneous mixture thereof.
Each dielectric mechanism is centered around its characteristic frequency, which is the reciprocal of the characteristic time of the process. In general, dielectric mechanisms can be divided into relaxation and resonance processes. The most common, starting from high frequencies, are:
Polarizability is responsible for a material's dielectric constant and, at high (optical) frequencies, its refractive index. The polarizability of an atom or molecule is defined as the ratio of its induced dipole moment to the local electric field; in a crystalline solid, one considers the dipole moment per unit cell. [1]
Not to be confused with Printed electronics. "PC board" redirects here. For the mainboard of personal computers, see Motherboard. "Panelization" redirects here. For the page layout strategy, see N-up. Printed circuit board of a DVD player Part of a 1984 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board, a printed circuit board, showing the conductive traces, the through-hole paths to the other surface, and ...