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Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure (the pressure outside of the body) that exists at the end of expiration. [1] The two types of PEEP are extrinsic PEEP (PEEP applied by a ventilator) and intrinsic PEEP (PEEP caused by an incomplete exhalation).
The oxygenation index is a calculation used in intensive care medicine to measure the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and its usage within the body. A lower oxygenation index is better - this can be inferred by the equation itself. As the oxygenation of a person improves, they will be able to achieve a higher PaO2 at a lower FiO2.
Medical patients experiencing difficulty breathing are provided with oxygen-enriched air, which means a higher-than-atmospheric F I O 2. Natural air includes 21% oxygen, which is equivalent to F I O 2 of 0.21. Oxygen-enriched air has a higher F I O 2 than 0.21; up to 1.00 which means 100% oxygen.
This is calculated by dividing the PaO2 by the FiO2. Example: patient who is receiving an FiO2 of .5 (i.e., 50%) with a measured PaO2 of 60 mmHg has a PaO 2 / FiO 2 ratio of 120. In healthy lungs, the Horowitz index depends on age and usually falls between 350 and 450.
P high — Highest pressure attained, similar to P ip; this is a constant pressure. P low — Pressure that P high drops to during expiratory time (T low) PEEP — Positive end-expiratory pressure, pressure created by a backpressure valve. C PAP — Continuous positive airway pressure
A low PaO 2 indicates that the patient's current minute ventilation (whether high or normal) is not enough to allow adequate oxygen diffusion into the blood. Therefore, the A–a gradient essentially demonstrates a high respiratory effort (low arterial PaCO 2) relative to the achieved level of oxygenation (arterial PaO 2). A high A–a gradient ...
The doctors and nurses didn’t believe Tomisa Starr was having trouble breathing. Two years ago, Starr, 61, of Sacramento, California, was in the hospital for a spike in her blood pressure.
A high V/Q ratio decreases pCO 2 and increases pO 2 in alveoli. Because of the increased dead space ventilation, the arterial pO 2 is reduced and thus also the peripheral oxygen saturation is lower than normal, leading to tachypnea and dyspnea