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A broad and common measure of the health of a population is its life expectancy. According to "Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Slavery," by Robert Fogel, the life expectancy in 1850 of a White person in the United States was forty; for a slave, it was thirty-six. [1]
Black maternal mortality in the United States refers to the disproportionately high rate of maternal death among those who identify as Black or African American women. [1] Maternal death is often linked to both direct obstetric complications (such as hemorrhage or eclampsia) and indirect obstetric deaths that exacerbate pre-existing health ...
Overall suicide rates of black slaves in the United States are believed to have been comparatively low, in part due to cultural beliefs common to both Africa and African-American communities. [3] Africa has the lowest suicide rate of any continent, and the suicide rate of African-descended Americans is a fraction of that of European-descended ...
Black women have the highest maternal mortality rate in the United States — 69.9 per 100,000 live births for 2021, almost three times the rate for white women.
Black women who practice healthy behaviors during pregnancy have a higher rate of mortality during childbirth than white women who do not, data show. California combats high death rates of Black ...
Cyane seized four American slave ships in her first year on station. Trenchard developed a good level of co-operation with the Royal Navy. Four additional U.S. warships were sent to the African coast in 1820 and 1821. A total of 11 American slave ships were taken by the U.S. Navy over this period. Then American enforcement activity reduced.
To 'Joy My Freedom': Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors After the Civil War. (Harvard UP, 1997. Jennings, Thelma. " 'Us Colored Women Had to Go Though a Plenty': Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women." Journal of Women's History 1.3 (1990): 45-74. Jones, Jacqueline.
Roberts argues that institutional violence against black women and their reproductive autonomy in modern America has been present since slavery began in America. Female slaves were often brought from Africa to America for breeding, where their white male owners would rape them and sell their children for profit. [3] The book details the life of ...