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1. CO 2 is fixed to produce a four-carbon molecule (malate or aspartate). 2. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells. 3. It is then broken down into CO 2 and pyruvate. CO 2 enters the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates. 4. Pyruvate reenters the mesophyll cell, where it is reused to produce malate or aspartate.
Palisade cell, or palisade mesophyll cell are plant cells located inside the mesophyll of most green leaves. They are vertically elongated and are stacked side by side, in contrast to the irregular and loosely arranged spongy mesophyll cells beneath them. Palisade cells are responsible for carrying out the majority of the photosynthesis in a ...
In leaves, they form two layers of mesophyll cells immediately beneath the epidermis of the leaf, that are responsible for photosynthesis and the exchange of gases. [2] These layers are called the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll. Palisade parenchyma cells can be either cuboidal or elongated.
Spongy tissue is a type of tissue found both in plants and animals.. In plants, it is part of the mesophyll, where it forms a layer next to the palisade cells in the leaf.The spongy mesophyll's function is to allow for the interchange of gases (CO 2) that are needed for photosynthesis.
In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf, [1] but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, [5] palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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[17] [18] In C 4 carbon fixation, carbon dioxide is first fixed by combination with phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate in the mesophyll. In PEPCK-type C 4 plants the oxaloacetate is then converted to aspartate, which travels to the bundle sheath. In the bundle sheath cells, aspartate is converted back to oxaloacetate.
They are typically 1 mm (0.039 in) in length and are thus named fiberlike sclereids. These sclereids permeate the mesophyll as a dense mat. [5] During sclerification these fiberlike sclereid cells can increase by several hundred times their original size, compared to other parenchyma cells that only increase by two or three times. [4]