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The Treaty of Kars [a] was a treaty that established the borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian Soviet republics, which are now the independent republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. [3] [4] The treaty was signed in the city of Kars on 13 October 1921. [1] [2]
Map of the Treaty of Kars (1921) showing the losses of Kars and Surmalu to Turkey. Some 5 months after the last uprising was suppressed, in December 1920 the Armenian republic was partitioned between Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey, ending its two and a half years of existence. [56]
In 1918, Kars briefly fell under Armenian control, but it was soon retaken by Turkish forces. Following this, the Treaty of Kars was signed in 1921, which recognized the Turkish government's control over the region. [8] This period of political turmoil and change had a devastating impact on the Armenian community in Kars.
The outcome was the Treaty of Kars, a successor treaty to the earlier Treaty of Moscow of March 1921. It was signed in Kars with the Russian SFSR on 13 October 1921 [142] and ratified in Yerevan on 11 September 1922. [143] With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position.
The "Treaty on Friendship and Brotherhood", called the Treaty of Moscow, was signed on 16 March 1921. The succeeding Treaty of Kars, signed by the representatives of Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, and the GNAT, ceded Adjara to Soviet Georgia in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of Kars, Iğdır, and Ardahan).
The treaty allowed for Soviet annexation of Adjara in exchange for Turkish control of the regions of Kars, Igdir, and Ardahan. The Treaty of Kars established peaceful relations between the two nations, but as early as 1939, some British diplomats noted [citation needed] indications that the Soviet Union was not satisfied with the established ...
The Treaty of Kars, identical to the previously concluded Russo-Turkish Treaty of Moscow, was signed on October 23, 1921, between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and representatives of Bolshevist Russia, Soviet Armenia, Soviet Azerbaijan and Soviet Georgia (all of which formed part of the Soviet Union after the December 1922 Union Treaty).
The Treaty of Kars replaced the Treaty of Alexandropol in 1921; the newly formed Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic affirmed all of the terms of the previous Treaty of Alexandropol in the new treaty. The Treaty of Kars was ratified in Yerevan in fall 1922 by the unrecognized Soviet and Turkish governments. [10