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Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.
Decentralised systems are intricately linked to the idea of self-organisation—a phenomenon in which local interactions between components of a system establish order and coordination to achieve global goals without a central commanding influence.
From left to right: centralisation, decentralisation, distribution, and distributed decentralisation. Centralisation or centralization ( North American English ; see English spelling differences ) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning, decision-making, and framing strategies and ...
Decentralized decision-making also contributes to the core knowledge of group intelligence and crowd wisdom, often in a subconscious way à la Carl Jung's collective unconscious. Decision theory is a method of deductive reasoning based on formal probability and deductive reasoning models.
Ministry of Interior, Public Safety and Decentralization (Niger) Ministry of State Administration (East Timor) Ministry of the Interior and Decentralization (Mauritania) Multi-level governance; Municipalities of Milan
Decentralized computing is the allocation of resources, both hardware and software, to each individual workstation, or office location. In contrast, centralized computing exists when the majority of functions are carried out, or obtained from a remote centralized location. Decentralized computing is a trend in modern-day business environments.
Scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism. [5] [2] [6] The ancient Greek philosopher Plato discusses in the Republic five types of regimes: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. [7] The question raised by Plato in the Republic: What kind of state is best? Generational ...
As a subfield of public economics, fiscal federalism is concerned with "understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government" (Oates, 1999). In other words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are ...