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Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated − NH + 3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −
Hydroxylysine (Hyl) is an amino acid with the molecular formula C 6 H 14 N 2 O 3. It was first discovered in 1921 by Donald Van Slyke as the 5-hydroxylysine form. [1] It arises from a post-translational hydroxy modification of lysine. It is most widely known as a component of collagen. [2]
Structure of a typical L-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" form. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. [1] Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. [2]
Biosynthesis of HPG. HPG is synthesized from prephenate, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway and also a precursor to tyrosine.Prephenate is aromatized by prephenate dehydrogenase (Pdh) using NAD + as a cofactor to produce 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate is then oxidized by 4-hydroxymandelate synthase (4HmaS) using oxygen to form 4-hydroxymandelate and hydrogen ...
Similar functionality is also presented in serine and threonine, whose side chains have a hydroxy group, but are alcohols. Phosphorylation of these three amino acids' moieties (including tyrosine) creates a negative charge on their ends, that is greater than the negative charge of the only negatively charged aspartic and glutamic acids ...
Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase following protein synthesis (as a post-translational modification). The enzyme catalyzed reaction takes place in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum .
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) [2] is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH + 3 form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group , making it a ...
Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry , the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).