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For non-Hermitian quantum systems with PT symmetry, fidelity can be used to analyze whether exceptional points are of higher-order. Many numerical methods such as the Lanczos algorithm , Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG), and other tensor network algorithms are relatively easy to calculate only for the ground state, but have many ...
The first paper that has "non-Hermitian quantum mechanics" in the title was published in 1996 [1] by Naomichi Hatano and David R. Nelson. The authors mapped a classical statistical model of flux-line pinning by columnar defects in high-T c superconductors to a quantum model by means of an inverse path-integral mapping and ended up with a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian with an imaginary vector ...
The term "classical group" was coined by Hermann Weyl, it being the title of his 1939 monograph The Classical Groups. [3] The classical groups form the deepest and most useful part of the subject of linear Lie groups. [4] Most types of classical groups find application in classical and modern physics. A few examples are the following.
In quantum electrodynamics, the local symmetry group is U(1) and is abelian. In quantum chromodynamics, the local symmetry group is SU(3) and is non-abelian. The electromagnetic interaction is mediated by photons, which have no electric charge. The electromagnetic tensor has an electromagnetic four-potential field possessing gauge symmetry.
For a field F, the generalized special unitary group over F, SU(p, q; F), is the group of all linear transformations of determinant 1 of a vector space of rank n = p + q over F which leave invariant a nondegenerate, Hermitian form of signature (p, q). This group is often referred to as the special unitary group of signature p q over F.
The non-linear σ-model was introduced by Gell-Mann & Lévy (1960, §6), who named it after a field corresponding to a spinless meson called σ in their model. [1] This article deals primarily with the quantization of the non-linear sigma model; please refer to the base article on the sigma model for general definitions and classical (non ...
The Higgs part of the Lagrangian is = [(′)] + † (†), where λ > 0 and μ 2 > 0, so that the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking can be used. There is a parameter here, at first hidden within the shape of the potential, that is very important.
Since there are continuously infinite number of elements, the translation group is a continuous group. Moreover, the translation operators commute among themselves, i.e. the product of two translation (a translation followed by another) does not depend on their order. Therefore, the translation group is an abelian group. [4]