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  2. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Research. v. t. e. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of ...

  3. Batik kawung - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik_kawung

    Batik kawung. Kawung batik ( Indonesian: Batik Kawung) is an Indonesian batik motif [ 1] whose shape is in the form of a circle similar to a kawung fruit (a type of coconut or sometimes also considered as sugar palm or palm fruit) which is neatly arranged geometrically. Sometimes, this motif is also interpreted as an image of a lotus flower ...

  4. Google Scholar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar

    Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...

  5. Diversification (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversification_(finance)

    Outline. Business and Economics portal. Money portal. v. t. e. In finance, diversification is the process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk. A common path towards diversification is to reduce risk or volatility by investing in a variety of assets.

  6. Page orientation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_orientation

    Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape. [ 1] The term "portrait orientation" comes from visual art terminology and describes the dimensions used to capture a person's face and upper body in a picture; in such images, the height ...

  7. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...

  8. Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation) Horizontal and vertical commonly refers a concept about orientation in mathematics, geography, physics and other sciences, with the vertical typically being defined by the direction of gravity, and with the horizontal being perpendicular to the vertical. Horizontal and vertical may also refer to:

  9. Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    In the standard language ( 표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.