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Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction and is named for Henri Parinaud [ 6 ...
Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is an inflammatory disease in dogs affecting the muscles of mastication (chewing). It is also known as atrophic myositis or eosinophilic myositis. MMM is the most common inflammatory myopathy in dogs. [ 1] The disease mainly affects large breed dogs. [ 2]
Nystagmus. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases) [1] eye movement. [2] People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision. [3] In normal eyesight, while the head rotates about an axis, distant visual images are sustained by ...
Leber congenital amaurosis. Leber congenital amaurosis ( LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life. [ 2] It affects about 1 in 40,000 newborns. [ 1] LCA was first described by Theodor Leber in the 19th century. [ 3][ 4] It should not be confused with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, which ...
Vestibulocerebellar syndrome. Vestibulocerebellar syndrome, also known as vestibulocerebellar ataxia, is a progressive neurological disorder that causes a variety of medical problems. Initially symptoms present as periodic attacks of abnormal eye movements but may intensify to longer-lasting motor incapacity. The disorder has been localized to ...
The eyes then turn toward the ipsilateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus to the contralateral ear. [5] [6] Absent reactive eye movement suggests vestibular weakness of the horizontal semicircular canal of the side being stimulated. In comatose patients with cerebral damage, the fast phase of nystagmus will be absent as this is controlled by the ...
Dog sitting in a travel crate in car. 5. Time their meals. Traveling on a full stomach can make motion sickness worse, but at the same time, hunger doesn’t help either. Feed your dog two to ...