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Dividing the second equation by the first yields the Cartesian slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point (r(φ), φ): = ′ + ′ . For other useful formulas including divergence, gradient, and Laplacian in polar coordinates, see curvilinear coordinates .
The pole is the point; the polar the line. By calculation one can confirm the following properties of the pole-polar relation of the ellipse: For a point (pole) on the ellipse, the polar is the tangent at this point (see diagram: ,).
k = 1 is the tangent line to the right of the circles looking from c 1 to c 2. k = −1 is the tangent line to the right of the circles looking from c 2 to c 1. The above assumes each circle has positive radius. If r 1 is positive and r 2 negative then c 1 will lie to the left of each line and c 2 to the right, and the two tangent lines will ...
The folium of Descartes is related to the trisectrix of Maclaurin by affine transformation. To see this, start with the equation and change variables to find the equation in a coordinate system rotated 45 degrees. This amounts to setting. In the plane the equation is. If we stretch the curve in the direction by a factor of this becomes which is ...
The kappa curve has two vertical asymptotes. In geometry, the kappa curve or Gutschoven's curve is a two-dimensional algebraic curve resembling the Greek letter ϰ (kappa). The kappa curve was first studied by Gérard van Gutschoven around 1662. In the history of mathematics, it is remembered as one of the first examples of Isaac Barrow 's ...
In geometry, the tangential angle of a curve in the Cartesian plane, at a specific point, is the angle between the tangent line to the curve at the given point and the x -axis. [ 1] (. Some authors define the angle as the deviation from the direction of the curve at some fixed starting point. This is equivalent to the definition given here by ...
Gradient. The gradient, represented by the blue arrows, denotes the direction of greatest change of a scalar function. The values of the function are represented in greyscale and increase in value from white (low) to dark (high). In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function of several variables is the vector field ...
This leads to the definition of the slope of the tangent line to the graph as the limit of the difference quotients for the function f. This limit is the derivative of the function f at x = a, denoted f ′(a). Using derivatives, the equation of the tangent line can be stated as follows: = + ′ ().