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Older structures may use asbestos, copper, iron, lead or clay pipes, in rough order of era of use. Under many older building codes, a vent stack (a pipe leading to the main roof vent) is required to be within approx. a 5-foot (1.5 m) radius of the draining fixture it serves (sink, toilet, shower stall, etc.). [2]
Water cannot flow from the sink to the tap in normal circumstances, even if the water supply loses pressure. An air gap , as related to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture . [ 1 ]
Pool drain vortex as viewed from above the water at Grange Park wading pool Underwater view of drain, showing vortex-formation phenomenon. A drain is the primary vessel or conduit for unwanted water or waste liquids to flow away, either to a more useful area, funnelled into a receptacle, or run into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed.
The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
Trap with copper drain pipe at underside of firestop packing in two-hour fire-resistance rated concrete floor slab Typical P-trap. Maintaining the water seal is critical to trap operation; traps might dry out, and poor venting can suction or blow water out of the traps. This is usually avoided by venting the drain pipes downstream of the trap ...
A water level device showing both ends at the same height. A water level (Greek: Aλφαδολάστιχο or (υδροστάθμη) [Alfadolasticho]) is a siphon utilizing two or more parts of the liquid water surface to establish a local horizontal line or plane of reference.
The reduction length is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe diameters. Although reducers are usually concentric, eccentric reducers are used as needed to maintain the top- or bottom-of-pipe level. A reducer can also be used either as a nozzle or diffuser, depending on the mach number of the flow. [citation needed]
Toward the end of the discharge process, the ballcock responds to the drop in water level and refills the tank. Should the float or valve fail and allow the water level to exceed the fill line, the water will pour into the overflow tube and out to the bowl (in the flapper valve type) or to an outside drain (in the siphon type).