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Root nodules apparently have evolved three times within the Fabaceae but are rare outside that family. The propensity of these plants to develop root nodules seems to relate to their root structure. In particular, a tendency to develop lateral roots in response to abscisic acid may enable the later evolution of root nodules. [21]
Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants. The bacteria colonize plant cells to form root nodules , where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase .
Rhizobia are a "group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules". [2] Rhizobia are found in the soil and, after infection, produce nodules in the legume where they fix nitrogen gas (N 2 ) from the atmosphere, turning it into a more readily useful form of nitrogen.
Membranes within root nodules are able to provide these conditions. The rhizobacteria require oxygen to metabolize, so oxygen is provided by a hemoglobin protein called leghemoglobin which is produced within the nodules. [4] Legumes are well-known nitrogen-fixing crops and have been used for centuries in crop rotation to maintain the health of ...
These are often very short and rounded. Root nodules are found in virtually all legumes. Stilt roots: adventitious support roots, common among mangroves. They grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil. Storage roots: roots modified for storage of food or water, such as carrots and beets. They include some taproots and tuberous roots.
It requires very few inputs, as the plant's root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource-poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name.
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The symbiosome in a root nodule cell in a plant is an organelle-like structure that has formed in a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The plant symbiosome is unique to those plants that produce root nodules. [2] The majority of such symbioses are made between legumes and diazotrophic Rhizobia bacteria.