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The 5% significance level for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84, and since the χ 2 value is less than this, the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy–Weinberg frequencies is not rejected. Fisher's exact test (probability test)
The Hardy–Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving. Let's examine the Hardy–Weinberg equation using the population of four-o'clock plants that we considered above: if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q, then p+q=1.
Genetic equilibrium itself, whether Hardy-Weinberg or otherwise, provides the groundwork for a number of applications, in including population genetics, conservation and evolutionary biology. With the rapid increase in whole genome sequences available as well as the proliferation of anonymous markers, models have been used to extend the initial ...
This point always has a lower heterozygosity (y value) than the corresponding (in allele frequency p) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In population genetics, the Wahlund effect is a reduction of heterozygosity (that is when an organism has two different alleles at a locus) in a population caused by subpopulation structure.
The probability values calculated from these equations can be analyzed by comparison to a pre-specified value of α. When the observed probability p ≤ α, we can "reject the null hypothesis of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium". If p > α, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Commonly used values of α are 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001.
The Hardy–Weinberg law describes the expected equilibrium genotype frequencies in a diploid population after random mating. Random mating alone does not change allele frequencies, and the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumes an infinite population size and a selectively neutral locus.
Wilhelm Weinberg (25 December 1862 – 27 November 1937) was a German obstetrician-gynecologist, practicing in Stuttgart, who in a 1908 paper, published in German in Jahresheft des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg (The Annals of the Society of National Natural History in Württemberg), expressed the concept that would later come to be known as the Hardy–Weinberg principle.
The value for is found by solving the equation for using heterozygotes in the above inbred population. This becomes one minus the observed frequency of heterozygotes in a population divided by the expected frequency of heterozygotes at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium: