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Other risk factors include certain antiseizure medications, obesity and poorly controlled diabetes. [4] Diagnosis may occur either before or after a child is born. [5] Before birth, if a blood test or amniocentesis finds a high level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), there is a higher risk of spina bifida. [5] Ultrasound examination may also detect ...
The most frequently seen form of spina bifida occulta is when parts of the bones of the spine, called the spinous process, and the neural arch appear abnormal on a radiogram, without involvement of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. [21] The risk of recurrence in those who have a first degree relative (a parent or sibling) is 5–10 times ...
Spina bifida is the most common defect impacting the Central Nervous System (CNS). The most common and most severe form of Spina Bifida is Myelomeningocele. Individuals with Myelomeningocele are born with an incompletely fused spine, and therefore exposing the spinal cord through an opening in the back.
Valproate causes birth defects; [4] exposure during pregnancy is associated with about three times as many major abnormalities as usual, mainly spina bifida with the risks being related to the strength of medication used and use of more than one drug.
Iniencephaly is a rare type of cephalic disorder [1] [2] characterised by three common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine. [3]
The risk of premature labor is increased by concomitant risk factors such as multiple gestation, a history of maternal smoking, and very young or old maternal age. [3] Risks of fetal surgery, specifically prenatal spina bifida repair, include premature rupture of membranes , uterine rupture in future pregnancies, premature birth and intraspinal ...
The 66A>G polymorphism is up-regulated in neural tube defects and increases the risk of spina bifida by two-fold. [38] Homozygosis for this mutation is an established maternal risk factor for spina bifida especially with low intracellular vitamin B12 [39] in the circulation or amniotic fluid. [13]
A meta-analysis of global birth prevalence of spina bifida showed that when mandatory fortification was compared to countries with healthcare professionals advising women but no mandatory fortification program, there was a 30% reduction in live births with spina bifida, [37] with some countries reported a greater than 50% reduction. [26]