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[2] When a server running NPS is a member of an Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) domain, NPS uses the directory service as its user account database and is part of a single sign-on solution. The same set of credentials is used for network access control (authenticating and authorizing access to a network) and to log on to an AD DS ...
In Windows Server 2008, Network Policy Server (NPS) replaces the Internet Authentication Service (IAS). NPS performs all of the functions of IAS in Windows Server 2003 for VPN and 802.1X-based wireless and wired connections and performs health evaluation and the granting of either unlimited or limited access for Network Access Protection clients.
Authentication is concerned with proving identity, authorization with granting permissions, accounting with maintaining a continuous and robust audit trail via logging. Common network protocols providing this functionality include TACACS+, RADIUS, [1] and Diameter. [2] [3]
RadSec is a protocol for transporting RADIUS datagrams over TCP and TLS. The RADIUS protocol is a widely deployed authentication and authorization protocol. The supplementary RADIUS Accounting specification [1] also provides accounting mechanisms, thus delivering a full AAA protocol solution. However, RADIUS has two substantial shortcomings.
RADIUS Accounting Flow. Accounting is described in RFC 2866. When network access is granted to the user by the NAS, an Accounting Start (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "start") is sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server to signal the start of the user's network access. "Start" records ...
FreeRADIUS is a modular, high performance free RADIUS suite developed and distributed under the GNU General Public License, version 2, and is free for download and use.The FreeRADIUS Suite includes a RADIUS server, a BSD-licensed RADIUS client library, a PAM library, an Apache module, and numerous additional RADIUS related utilities and development libraries.
An audit trail (also called audit log) is a security-relevant chronological record, set of records, and/or destination and source of records that provide documentary evidence of the sequence of activities that have affected at any time a specific operation, procedure, event, or device.
An F9 addin was developed for Excel in 1989 and with the lack of a 1-2-3 version that supported Windows [5] and problems with the Lotus Programming Language (LPL) [6] the Excel version of F9 soon far outsold the 1-2-3 version. [citation needed] On or about the year 2002 F9 was renamed 'F9 - Financial Intelligence.' [citation needed]