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Fuels with lower cetane number have longer ignition delays, requiring more time for the fuel combustion process to be completed. Hence, higher speed diesel engines operate more effectively with higher cetane number fuels. In Europe, diesel cetane numbers were set at a minimum of 38 in 1994 and 40 in 2000.
For spark-ignition engines the fuel has an octane rating. For diesel engines it depends on the type of fuel, for distillate fuels the cetane numbers are used. Cetane numbers are tested using a special test engine and the existing engine was not made for residual fuels.
Cetane index is used as a substitute for the cetane number of diesel fuel. The cetane index is calculated based on the fuel's density and distillation range (ASTM D86). There are two methods used, ASTM D976 and D4737. The older D976, or "two-variable equation" is outdated and should no longer be used for cetane number estimation.
The cetane number is a key property of diesel fuel, as it measures its aptitude to self-ignite in the combustion chamber. [8] The auto ignition temperature of diesel fuel is around 220 °C (428 °F) at atmospheric pressure. Cetane improver additives are used to decrease this temperature and lead to quicker combustion, by increasing the cetane ...
Hexadecane (also called cetane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 16 H 34. Hexadecane consists of a chain of 16 carbon atoms , with three hydrogen atoms bonded to the two end carbon atoms, and two hydrogens bonded to each of the 14 other carbon atoms.
A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air. [32] European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuels with additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets.
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For instance, biodiesel has a higher cetane rating (45-60 compared to 45-50 for crude-oil-derived diesel) and it acts as a cleaning agent to get rid of dirt and deposits. It has been argued that it only becomes economically feasible above oil prices of $80 (£40 or €60 as of late February, 2007) per barrel.