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During the reign of Augustus the climate became warmer and the aridity in North Africa persisted. [10] The biotopes of Heterogaster urticae, which in Roman times occurred farther north than in the 1950s, suggest that in the early Empire mean July temperatures were at least 1 °C above those of the mid-20th-century. [3]
The Roman Warm Period, or Roman Climatic Optimum, was a period of unusually-warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400. [1] Theophrastus (371 – c. 287 BC) wrote that date trees could grow in Greece if they were planted but that they could not set fruit there.
Huang, Pollack & Shen 2008 "A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record" Kaufman et al. 2009 "Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling". Tingley & Huybers 2010a "A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time".
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on civilization from the emergence of homininis to the present day. It is concerned with the reconstruction of weather and climate and their effect on historical societies, including a culturally influenced history of science and perception. [1]
As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate. Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks , sediments , boreholes ...
The phrases renovatio Romanorum ("renewal of the Romans") and renovatio urbis Romae ("renewal of the city of Rome") had been used already during Antiquity. [3] The word renovatio ("renewal") and its relatives, restitutio ("restitution") and reparatio ("restoration"), appeared on some Roman coins from the reign of Hadrian onward, usually signifying the restoration of peace after a rebellion. [4]
Version one of 20CR, covering 1891 to 2008, was released in Autumn 2009. Version two, covering 1871 to 2010, appeared in December 2011. Version 3, 20CRv3, going back to 1836, was published in October 2019. [2] It is intended that all the data recovered and the 20CR will be made freely available. [1]
Geoarchaeological survey of stratigraphic units using a versatile coring unit, a common tool for environmental archaeologists. Environmental archaeology is a sub-field of archaeology which emerged in 1970s [1] and is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in. [2] [3] The field represents an archaeological-palaeoecological approach ...