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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Toluene (data page) 1 language ... data relate to Standard temperature and pressure. ... Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ...
Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation". [citation needed] In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because high molecular weight components in the crude oil will undergo thermal cracking and form petroleum coke at temperatures above that.
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
Large-scale industrial distillation is rarely undertaken if the relative volatility is less than 1.05. [2] The values of have been correlated empirically or theoretically in terms of temperature, pressure and phase compositions in the form of equations, tables or graph such as the well-known DePriester charts. [4]
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
For low boiling azeotropes distillation may not allow the components to be fully separated, and must make use of separation methods that does not rely on distillation. A common approach involves the use of molecular sieves. The sieves can be subsequently regenerated by dehydration using a vacuum oven.
For the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1, the required number of theoretical plates is 6. Constructing a McCabe–Thiele diagram is not always straightforward. In continuous distillation with a varying reflux ratio, the mole fraction of the lighter component in the top part of the distillation column will decrease as the reflux ratio ...