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A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads, composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For design purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender columns.
Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.
Marcus's method is a structural analysis used in the design of reinforced concrete slabs.The method was developed by Henri Marcus and described in 1938 in Die Theorie elastischer Gewebe und ihre Anwendung auf die Berechnung biegsamer Platten. [1]
Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 centimetres (28 in) square. In the American version of this test, the table is 10 inches (25 cm) diameter per ASTM C 230.; Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30 centimetres (12 in) high, 17 centimetres (6.7 in) top diameter, 25 centimetres (9.8 in) base diameter.
The deterministic formula (5) is recovered as the limit case for . (Fig. 2d) shows a comparison of the last formula with the test results for many different concretes, plotted as dimensionless strength σ N / f t ′ {\displaystyle \sigma _{N}/f'_{t}} versus dimensionless structure size D / D 0 {\displaystyle D/D_{0}} .
In this formula: H s = Significant wave height at the toe of the construction Δ = relative density of the stone (= (ρ s-ρ w)/ρ w) where ρ s is the density of the stone and ρ w is the density of the water d n50 = nominal stone diameter α = breakwater slope P = notional permeability S = Damage number N = number of waves in the storm
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Concrete cover, in reinforced concrete, is the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete (ACI 130). The concrete cover depth can be measured with a cover meter. The purpose of concrete cover is to protect the reinforcement from corrosion, fire, and other potential damage.