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Class IV agents affect calcium channels and the AV node. Class V agents work by other or unknown mechanisms. With regard to management of atrial fibrillation, classes I and III are used in rhythm control as medical cardioversion agents, while classes II and IV are used as rate-control agents.
Diphenoxylate/atropine, also known as co-phenotrope and sold under the brand name Lomotil among others, is used to treat diarrhea. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a fixed-dose combination of the medications diphenoxylate , as the hydrochloride, an antidiarrheal ; and atropine , as the sulfate, an anticholinergic . [ 1 ]
The use of atropine, lidocaine, and amiodarone have not been shown to improve survival from cardiac arrest. [116] [117] [81] Atropine is used for symptomatic bradycardia. It is given at a does of 1 mg (iv), and additional 1 mg (iv) doses can be given every 3–5 minutes for a total of 3 mg.
For symptomatic bradycardia, the usual dosage is 0.5 to 1 mg IV push; this may be repeated every 3 to 5 minutes, up to a total dose of 3 mg (maximum 0.04 mg/kg). [ 23 ] Atropine is also useful in treating second-degree heart block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) , and also third-degree heart block with a high Purkinje or AV-nodal escape rhythm .
Dosage typically includes information on the number of doses, intervals between administrations, and the overall treatment period. [3] For example, a dosage might be described as "200 mg twice daily for two weeks," where 200 mg represents the individual dose, twice daily indicates the frequency, and two weeks specifies the duration of treatment.
The Mark I NAAK (left) and its training kit (right) In the United States military, the Mark I NAAK, or MARK I Kit, ("Nerve Agent Antidote Kit") is a dual-chamber autoinjector: Two anti-nerve agent drugs—atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride—each in injectable form, constitute the kit.
Atropine is often used as a first line treatment of a third-degree heart block in the presence of a narrow QRS which indicates a nodal block, but, may have little to no effect in an infra-nodal block. [11] Atropine works by reducing vagal stimulation through the AV node but will not be effective in those who have had a previous heart transplant ...
After injection the used tube was often pinned to the receiving soldier's collar to inform others of the dose administered. [1] The syrette was adopted for use by the United States Army in 1940. [1] The US military also distributed atropine in syrettes. [citation needed] Chemical treatment was subsequently distributed in autoinjector form ...