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English: Vowel chart of Toronto English, showing the w:Canadian Shift from /ɪ,ɛ,æ/ (kit, dress, trap) towards /ʊ,ʌ,ɑ/ (koot, druss, trop) as well as the w:cot-caught merger towards a rounded low back vowel /ɒ/ (not a lot → nawt a lawt). /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ normally remain distinct from /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ as the latter are still more front.
Pure vowels of a Standard Canadian English speaker in Toronto on a vowel chart, from Tse (2018:141). It shows the Canadian Shift from [ɪ, ɛ, æ] towards [ɘ, ɛ̠, ä] as well as the cot-caught merger towards a rounded open back vowel .
Own work, based on the vowel chart in Rogers, Henry (2000) The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 124 . This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this file:
The cot–caught merger to [ɒ] creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system [36] and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, mainly found in Ontario, English-speaking Montreal, and further west, and led by Ontarians and women; it involves the front lax vowels /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/.
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In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the cot–caught merger to ⓘ and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding British Columbia to the west and everything east of Montreal, has been called Inland Canadian English.
English: This image juxtaposes the results of two studies on the Canadian Shift (Boberg [1] and Clarke [2]). The red arrows are shifts described by Clarke. The blue arrows are shifts described by Boberg. The purple arrow is a shift described by both.
A simplified diagram of Canadian raising (Rogers 2000:124).Actual starting points vary. Canadian raising (also sometimes known as English diphthong raising [1]) is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points.
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