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English: Vowel chart of Toronto English, showing the w:Canadian Shift from /ɪ,ɛ,æ/ (kit, dress, trap) towards /ʊ,ʌ,ɑ/ (koot, druss, trop) as well as the w:cot-caught merger towards a rounded low back vowel /ɒ/ (not a lot → nawt a lawt). /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ normally remain distinct from /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ as the latter are still more front.
Pure vowels of a Standard Canadian English speaker in Toronto on a vowel chart, from Tse (2018:141). It shows the Canadian Shift from [ɪ, ɛ, æ] towards [ɘ, ɛ̠, ä] as well as the cot-caught merger towards a rounded open back vowel .
Own work, based on the vowel chart in Rogers, Henry (2000) The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 124 . This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this file:
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the cot–caught merger to ⓘ and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding British Columbia to the west and everything east of Montreal, has been called Inland Canadian English.
The cot–caught merger to [ɒ] creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system [36] and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, mainly found in Ontario, English-speaking Montreal, and further west, and led by Ontarians and women; it involves the front lax vowels /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
English: This image juxtaposes the results of two studies on the Canadian Shift (Boberg [1] and Clarke [2]). The red arrows are shifts described by Clarke. The blue arrows are shifts described by Boberg. The purple arrow is a shift described by both.
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