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Cognitive distortions are involved in the onset or perpetuation of psychopathological states, such as depression and anxiety. [ 1 ] According to Aaron Beck 's cognitive model, a negative outlook on reality, sometimes called negative schemas (or schemata ), is a factor in symptoms of emotional dysfunction and poorer subjective well-being .
A counterargument might seek to cast doubt on facts of one or more of the first argument's premises, to show that the first argument's contention does not follow from its premises in a valid manner, or the counterargument might pay little attention to the premises and common structure of the first argument and simply attempt to demonstrate that ...
The Automatic Thought Questionnaire 30 (ATQ 30) is a scientific questionnaire created by Steven D. Hollon and Phillip C. Kendall that measures automatic negative thoughts. . The ATQ 30 consists of 30 negative statements and asks participants to indicate how often they experienced the negative thought during the course of the week on a scale of 1–5 (1=Low-High=
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a well-known questionnaire for scoring depression based on all three aspects of the triad. Other examples include the Beck Hopelessness Scale [ 14 ] for measuring thoughts about the future and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [ 15 ] for measuring views of the self.
Psychological projection is one of the medical explanations of bewitchment used to explain the behavior of the afflicted children at Salem in 1692. The historian John Demos wrote in 1970 that the symptoms of bewitchment displayed by the afflicted girls could have been due to the girls undergoing psychological projection of repressed aggression.
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Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Yvonne Abramson [1] that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than non-depressed individuals.
Depressive anxiety can be aroused at every developmental stage, from weaning through to the loss of familial dependence of adolescence or of one's youth in later life. [4] [5] Continual oscillation between paranoid and depressive anxieties can create a sense of psychic imprisonment; [6] while conversely a lasting shift from the former to the latter can be seen as one of the marks of a ...