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2. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

   h f = head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe; L = length of pipe in meters; Q = volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s (cubic meters per second) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters) Note: pressure drop can be computed from head loss as h f × the unit weight of water (e.g., 9810 N/m 3 at 4 deg C)

3. Pipe network analysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_network_analysis

   Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the ...

4. Irrigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

   Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown in the image that follows. As of 2017 most center pivot systems have drops hanging from a U-shaped pipe attached at the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or ...

5. Irrigation controller - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_controller

   For example, the typical professional controller will calculate the actual flow rate running in the system when a specific zone is operated, compare this to a pre-configured required amount, and adjust the irrigation process if deviation from the zone's flow rate is detected; This mechanism is called "Flow monitoring", and can prevent ...

6. Darcy–Weisbach equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy–Weisbach_equation

   Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow is f = ⁠ 16 / Re ⁠ , it is the Fanning factor f , and if the formula for laminar flow is f D = ⁠ 64 / Re ⁠ , it is the Darcy–Weisbach factor f D .

7. Irrigation sprinkler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler

   An impact sprinkler head in action Sprinklers spraying water to irrigate vine plants in a vineyard. An irrigation sprinkler (also known as a water sprinkler or simply a sprinkler) is a device used to irrigate (water) agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other areas. They are also used for cooling and for the control of ...