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For instance, instead of 14 AWG (American wire gauge) copper wire, aluminium wiring would need to be 12 AWG on a typical 15 ampere lighting circuit, though local building codes vary. Solid aluminium conductors were originally made in the 1960s from a utility-grade aluminium alloy that had undesirable properties for a building wire, and were ...
Project 1956–present $425 billion 2006 $425 billion $663 billion Interstate Highway System: 1992–2006 $14.6 billion [1] [2] 1982 $8.08 billion $26.3 billion Big Dig, Boston, Massachusetts: 2000–2022 $1.4 billion [3] 2022 I-5 - SR 16 Tacoma/Pierce County HOV Program, Tacoma, Washington (Interstate 5 in Washington) 2002–2013 $6.5 billion [4]
An OPGW cable was patented by BICC in 1977 [1] and installation of optical ground wires became widespread starting in the 1980s. In the peak year of 2000, around 60,000 km of OPGW was installed worldwide. Asia, especially China, has become the largest regional market for OPGW used in transmission-line construction. [3]
A ring ground is typically constructed from a fairly large wire that is buried at least a few feet underground. The ring ground will usually encircle the entire building that it is trying to protect. The ring ground is used as the base of the entire building's ground system, and all components of the building's ground system, including the ...
Above-ground lines cost around $10 per 1-foot (0.30 m) and underground lines cost in the range of $20 to $40 per 1-foot (0.30 m). [10] In highly urbanized areas, the cost of underground transmission can be 10–14 times as expensive as overhead. [11] However, these calculations may neglect the cost of power interruptions.
A grounded wire is sometimes strung along the tops of the towers to provide lightning protection. An optical ground wire is a more advanced version with embedded optical fibers for communication. Overhead wire markers can be mounted on the ground wire to meet International Civil Aviation Organization recommendations. [7]
An example of a copper alloy conductor is cadmium copper wire, which is used for railroad electrification in North America. [5] In Britain the BPO (later Post Office Telecommunications ) used cadmium copper aerial lines with 1% cadmium for extra strength; for local lines 40 lb/mile (1.3 mm dia) and for toll lines 70 lb/mile (1.7 mm dia).
Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable is a variety of electrical cable made from copper conductors inside a copper sheath, insulated by inorganic magnesium oxide powder. The name is often abbreviated to MICC or MI cable, and colloquially known as pyro (because the original manufacturer and vendor for this product in the UK was a company called ...