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Hypoxia differs from hypoxemia and anoxemia, in that hypoxia refers to a state in which oxygen present in a tissue or the whole body is insufficient, whereas hypoxemia and anoxemia refer specifically to states that have low or no oxygen in the blood. [3] Hypoxia in which there is complete absence of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia.
Tissue hypoxia refers to low levels of oxygen in the tissues of the body and the term hypoxia is a general term for low levels of oxygen. [2] Hypoxemia is usually caused by pulmonary disease whereas tissue oxygenation requires additionally adequate circulation of blood and perfusion of tissue to meet metabolic demands.
An SaO 2 (arterial oxygen saturation) value below 90% causes hypoxia (which can also be caused by anemia). Hypoxia due to low SaO 2 is indicated by cyanosis, but oxygen saturation does not directly reflect tissue oxygenation. The affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen may impair or enhance oxygen release at the tissue level.
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia. [1] [2] They also respond to instances of pseudohypoxia, such as thiamine deficiency. [3] [4] Both hypoxia and pseudohypoxia leads to impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by the ...
A sufficiently large decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen leads to hypoxia, especially if the patient hypoventilates (which allows more time for evolving nitrous to dilute alveolar oxygen each breath). [5]
Hypoxia (environmental), abnormally low oxygen content of a specific environment Hypoxia in fish, responses of fish to hypoxia; Hypoxia (medical), abnormally low level of oxygen in the tissues Autoerotic hypoxia or erotic asphyxiation, intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal
Dissolved oxygen levels required by various species in the Chesapeake Bay (US). In aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a ratio of the concentration of "dissolved oxygen" (DO, O 2), to the maximum amount of oxygen that will dissolve in that water body, at the temperature and pressure which constitute stable equilibrium conditions.
Pseudohypoxia refers to a condition that mimics hypoxia, by having sufficient oxygen yet impaired mitochondrial respiration due to a deficiency of necessary co-enzymes, such as NAD + and TPP. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The increased cytosolic ratio of free NADH/NAD + in cells (more NADH than NAD + ) can be caused by diabetic hyperglycemia and by ...