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Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer. Other risk factors include large (>1 cm) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified "porcelain" gallbladder. [21] Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin , and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen.
The bile duct is some 6–8 cm long, and normally up to 8 mm in diameter. [4]Its proximal supraduodenal part is situated within the free edge of the lesser omentum.Its middle retroduodenal part is oriented inferiorly and right-ward, and is situated posterior to the first part of the duodenum, and anterior to the inferior vena cava.
[76] [122] [19] Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women. Men most commonly experience their first episode between 30 and 40 years of age, whereas for women, the age at first presentation is somewhat later. [76] The age of onset shows a bimodal distribution in women, with episodes peaking at 35 and 55 years. [59]
Extraction of choledocholithiasis and/or intrahepatic stones: choledocholithiasis is the presence of gallstones within the common bile duct. They can be either primary (formed within the duct) or secondary (entering the duct from the gallbladder). Biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy allows for opening of the sphincter of Oddi, allowing stones to ...
Acute pancreatitis secondary to gallstones. At admission: Glucose > 220 mg/dl; Age > 70 years; LDH > 400 IU/L; AST > 250 IU/ 100 ml; WBC count > 18000 cells/mm 3;
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are commonly divided according to their size and symptomatology. An aneurysm is usually defined as an outer aortic diameter over 3 cm (normal diameter of the aorta is around 2 cm), [43] or more than 50% of normal diameter. [44] If the outer diameter exceeds 5.5 cm, the aneurysm is considered to be large. [42]
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas.Causes include a gallstone impacted in the common bile duct or the pancreatic duct, heavy alcohol use, systemic disease, trauma, elevated calcium levels, hypertriglyceridemia (with triglycerides usually being very elevated, over 1000 mg/dL), certain medications, hereditary causes and, in children, mumps.
Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the collarbone, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up or vomiting blood. [ 1 ] The two main sub-types of the disease are esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (often abbreviated to ESCC), [ 9 ] which is more common in the developing world , and ...