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The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south, respectively. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Gulf of Kutch. [67]
India's climate has become progressively drier since the late Miocene, reducing forest cover in northern India in favour of grassland. [23] There are about 29,015 species of plants including 17,926 species of flowering plants. This is about 9.1% of the total plant species identified worldwide and 6,842 species are endemic to India.
Many animals are domesticated in India, and seeing them in the streets of villages and even cities is common. Bovines include the zebu , which descended from the extinct Indian aurochs , the domestic water buffalo , the gayal , which is a domesticated gaur, and in the northern regions domestic yak , which descended from the also native wild yak .
There are few inland rivers, which do not drain into sea. [2] [3] Most of the rivers in India originate from the four major watersheds in India. The Himalayan watershed is the source of majority of the major river systems in India including the three longest rivers–the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Indus. [3] [4] These three river systems ...
This stream operating together with its environment can be thought of as forming a river ecosystem. River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts.
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Northern Plain or North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain spanning 700,000 km 2 (270,000 sq mi) across the northern and north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses northern and eastern India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal, and almost all of Bangladesh.
India ranks fourth in Asia and tenth in the world amongst the top 17 mega-diverse countries in the world. [1] India harbours nearly 11% of the world's floral diversity comprising over 17500 documented flowering plants, 6200 endemic species, 7500 medicinal plants and 246 globally threatened species in only 2.4% of world's land area. [2]
The major sources of water pollution are domestic, industrial, agricultural and shipping waste waters. [16] The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated sewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water are polluted.