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Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides , medications, and nerve agents . [ 4 ] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea , vomiting, small pupils , sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [ 2 ]
The use of organophosphates has decreased considerably since that time, having been replaced by pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, which are effective a much lower levels. [26] Reported cases of organophosphate poisoning in the US have reduced during this period. [48] [49] Regulation in the global south can be less extensive. [50] [51]
Illustrative organophosphates and related compounds: phosphatidylcholine, triphenylphosphate, cyclophosphamide, parathion, and zinc dithiophosphate. Phosphoryl thioates are thermodynamically much stabler than thiophosphates, which can rearrange at high temperature or with a catalytic alkylant to the former: [ 7 ] : 73–76
VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate.In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research.
Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), also called organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), is a neuropathy caused by killing of neurons in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, as a result of acute or chronic organophosphate poisoning.
CpG islands (or CG islands) are regions with a high frequency of CpG sites. Though objective definitions for CpG islands are limited, the usual formal definition is a region with at least 200 bp , a GC percentage greater than 50%, and an observed-to-expected CpG ratio greater than 60%.
Norovirus, an extremely contagious virus that causes similar symptoms to food poisoning, is surging in the US this holiday season, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports.
Cholinesterase reactivators are drugs that reverse the inhibition of cholinesterase by organophosphates or sulfonates. [1] They are used as antidote for treating organophosphate insecticide and nerve agent poisoning. [2] Organophosphates are used industrially in agricultural pesticides, and globally as agents of chemical warfare.