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A permutation matrix is a (0, 1)-matrix, all of whose columns and rows each have exactly one nonzero element.. A Costas array is a special case of a permutation matrix.; An incidence matrix in combinatorics and finite geometry has ones to indicate incidence between points (or vertices) and lines of a geometry, blocks of a block design, or edges of a graph.
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic . See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms .
Another form of logic puzzle, popular among puzzle enthusiasts and available in magazines dedicated to the subject, is a format in which the set-up to a scenario is given, as well as the object (for example, determine who brought what dog to a dog show, and what breed each dog was), certain clues are given ("neither Misty nor Rex is the German Shepherd"), and then the reader fills out a matrix ...
Depending on the underlying logic, the problem of deciding the validity of a formula varies from trivial to impossible. For the common case of propositional logic , the problem is decidable but co-NP-complete , and hence only exponential-time algorithms are believed to exist for general proof tasks.
High-performance multi-threaded primitives for large sparse matrices. Support operations for iterative solvers: multiplication, triangular solve, scaling, matrix I/O, matrix rendering. Many variants: e.g.: symmetric, hermitian, complex, quadruple precision. oneMKL: Intel C, C++, Fortran 2003 2023.1 / 03.2023 Non-free Intel Simplified Software ...
Given an n × n square matrix A of real or complex numbers, an eigenvalue λ and its associated generalized eigenvector v are a pair obeying the relation [1] =,where v is a nonzero n × 1 column vector, I is the n × n identity matrix, k is a positive integer, and both λ and v are allowed to be complex even when A is real.l When k = 1, the vector is called simply an eigenvector, and the pair ...
The cross product operation is an example of a vector rank function because it operates on vectors, not scalars. Matrix multiplication is an example of a 2-rank function, because it operates on 2-dimensional objects (matrices). Collapse operators reduce the dimensionality of an input data array by one or more dimensions. For example, summing ...
It is a normal modal logic, and one of the oldest systems of modal logic of any kind. It is formed with propositional calculus formulas and tautologies , and inference apparatus with substitution and modus ponens , but extending the syntax with the modal operator necessarily {\displaystyle \Box } and its dual possibly {\displaystyle \Diamond } .