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  2. First-order logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

    For example, in ∀x ∀y (P(x) → Q(x,f(x),z)), x and y occur only bound, [19] z occurs only free, and w is neither because it does not occur in the formula. Free and bound variables of a formula need not be disjoint sets: in the formula P ( x ) → ∀ x Q ( x ) , the first occurrence of x , as argument of P , is free while the second one ...

  3. Order of operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

    For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3 , the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7 , and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9 .

  4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    Newton's method is ideal to solve this problem because the first derivative of (), which is an integral of the normal standard distribution, is the normal standard distribution, and is readily available to use in the Newton's method solution.

  5. Wason selection task - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wason_selection_task

    The rule was "If the card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is blue." Only a card with both an even number on one face and something other than blue on the other face can invalidate this rule: If the 3 card is blue (or red), that doesn't violate the rule. The rule makes no claims about odd numbers. (Denying the antecedent)

  6. Consonant voicing and devoicing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and...

    For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). [1] This type of assimilation is called progressive , where the second consonant assimilates to the first; regressive assimilation goes in the opposite direction, as can be seen in have to [hæftə] .

  7. List of undecidable problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_undecidable_problems

    Conway's Game of Life on whether, given an initial pattern and another pattern, the latter pattern can ever appear from the initial one. Rule 110 - most questions involving "can property X appear later" are undecidable. The problem of determining whether a quantum mechanical system has a spectral gap. [8] [9]

  8. Variable (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

    For example, in the notation f(x, y, z), the three variables may be all independent and the notation represents a function of three variables. On the other hand, if y and z depend on x (are dependent variables) then the notation represents a function of the single independent variable x. [20]

  9. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    For example: "All humans are mortal, and Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal." ∵ Abbreviation of "because" or "since". Placed between two assertions, it means that the first one is implied by the second one. For example: "11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one." ∋ 1. Abbreviation of "such that".