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In a 12-lead ECG, all leads except the limb leads are assumed to be unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V 1, V 2, V 3, V 4, V 5, and V 6). The measurement of a voltage requires two contacts and so, electrically, the unipolar leads are measured from the common lead (negative) and the unipolar lead (positive).
Occasionally the right side is preferred for certain patients or other specific reasons. In contrast to a transvenous ICD, the pulse generator is implanted on the left side of the chest next to the rib cage, just under the arm, and the lead is implanted just under the skin above the breastbone.
Dextrocardia (from Latin dextro 'right hand side' and Greek kardia 'heart') is a rare congenital condition in which the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body, rather than the more typical placement towards the left. [1]
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane. The hexaxial reference system, better known as the Cabrera system, is a convention to present the extremity leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram, [1] that provides an illustrative logical sequence that helps interpretation of the ECG, especially to determine the heart's ...
Lead II — This axis goes from the right arm to the left leg, with the negative electrode on the shoulder and the positive one on the leg. This results in a +60 degree angle of orientation. [4] = Lead III — This axis goes from the left shoulder (negative electrode) to the right or left leg (positive electrode). This results in a +120 degree ...
The leads are: - Atrial lead at the right appendage - Right ventricular lead at the apex - Left ventricular lead through the coronary sinus. [7] CRT requires the placement of an electrical device for biventricular pacing, along with placement of (at least) two pacing leads, to facilitate stable left ventricular and right ventricular pacing.
If lead b is positive, the electrical heart axis can be estimated to lie within the quadrant between axis of lead a and lead b. A simple tool to quickly identify axis deviation (Figure 3) is the popular mnemonic; R eaching for R ight Axis Deviation and L eaving for L eft Axis Deviation.
An important potential finding with echo is McConnell's sign, where only the RV apex wall contracts; [7] it is specific for right heart strain and typically indicates a large PE. [8] On an electrocardiogram (ECG), there are multiple ways RV strain can be demonstrated. A finding of S1Q3T3 [b] is an insensitive [10] sign of right heart strain. [11]